Ho tšoana ha Pestrus ea Russia ho tloha litabeng tsa batho ho ea ho motho ea nang le li-horned e tsoang mohlapeng oa mohoai oa Austria kapa oa Belgium o hlalosoa ke hore baholo-holo ba mefuta e tummeng Russia le Europe ba ne ba ja mehlape e nkhang hamonate ea Alps ea Switzerland.
Tšimoloho ea mefuta eo
Lebitso "Simmental breed" ke tsa likhomo feela tse nang le tsona litšebelisano tsa mefuta ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le lihlooho tse khōlō tsa Oberland ea Bernese.
Litšobotsi tsa ho ikatisa tsa mefuta ena li ile tsa thehoa ho tsoa liphoofolong tsa likhomo tsa Gothic ka lebaka la ho feta ha makholo a lilemo le ho khethoa ha tlhaho.
Litekanyetso tse khethiloeng tsa tšepe ea bohlokoa li-simmentals tse teng hona joale le pontšo ea mefuta ena:
- e khutšoanyane, e feteletseng haholo ka maoto a mokhutšoanyane;
- tlhahiso ea lebese (60%);
- bokhoni ba ho ikamahanya le maemo;
- bohale bo tsotehang;
- matla a bophelo bo botle, ho hanyetsa mafu.
Ho tsoala e bōpiloe libakeng tse 84 tsa libaka mme e etsa kotara ea liphoofolo tse ruiloeng tsa likhomo tse sebelisitsoeng libukeng tsa ngoliso.
Mefuta ena ea likhomo e ile ea fihla naheng ea habo rona lilemong tse makholo a mabeli tse fetileng ka mapolasi a hahiloeng "a tsoetseng pele" a jalang mefuta ena libakeng tsa Tula, Smolensk le Voronezh. Mekhoa ea Simmental e ile ea e-ba motheo oa ho ikatisa mosebetsing oa ho hlahisa mefuta e mengata ea tlhahiso e ntle ea lebese.
Litšobotsi
- Tlhahlobo ea pono ea likarolo tsa mofuta ona e qala ka sutu. Letlalo la Simmental le teteanenghangata ho na le 'mala oa joang bo nang le lesela le pinki, ka mabala a maholo a masoeu. Hangata likhomo li na le mahlakore a khubelu-motley. E hlalosa 'mala:
- sebaka sa mobu oa lijalo;
- maemo a ho boloka le ho fepa;
- ho hloeka.
- Hlooho e kholo, e pharaletse, ka molala o teteaneng (bolelele bo bolelele); ka linaka tse bohale tse khanyang (li-simmentals tsa kajeno, esita le lipoho, hangata - li sa tsebe); e khetholloang ka seiponeng se tšoeu kapa se pinki;
- 'Mele o boima, empa o lekana, ka masapo a tiileng; ka matsoele a tebileng empa a pharaletseng (lipoho li na le phoka). Boholo ba likhomo (ha bo pona) ke 1.35, lipoho li bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 10;
- Ho pota-pota ka mahlakoreng le ka mesifa ho itšetlehile ka maoto a mokhutšoanyane, a makhutšoane. Tšobotsi ea mofuta ona ke "tlou" ea maoto a sefahleho;
- Khomo ea khomo e kholo, e le sebopeho se nang le sekhahla, se nang le phapang e bonahalang ho nts'etsopele ea pele le ka morao; likopi li telele, li le bophara.
E thahasellisang: Sehlahisoa se entsoeng Switzerland ho tloha lebese la likhomo tsa Simmental se boetse se fumane boemo ba maruo joaloka Emmental chisi. Selikalikoe sa hae se boima ba lik'hilograma tse 75, kapa esita le 130. Sena ke sona se ka sehloohong sa meru ea Switzerland.
Photo
Setšoantšo sa "likhomo tse nang le likhomo" tsa Simmental:
Tlhahiso
Likhomo tsena li lokisa morero oa nama le lebese ka phaello - 100%:
- boima ba phoofolo e kholo - ho tloha lik'hilograma tse 400 ho isa ho 700;; li-bulls tsa mofuta ona, tse hōlileng bakeng sa polao, li boima ba lik'hilograma tse 350, lihlahisoa - tse ka tlase ho lik'hilograma tse 50; fattening e atleha ho pholletsa le bophelo; Likarolo tsa mesifa ea khomo li na le likarolo tse tšesaane tsa mafura ka morao, leha ho le joalo, lihlahisoa tsa nama e hloekileng ha li bapisoa le boholo ba masapo li nyane;
- ka ho khetheha ka lebese, tlhahiso ea tlhōrō ea li-lactation tse 5-6 e eketseha ho fihlela ho lithaere tse 3-6 likete (litlaleho li tlalehiloe: Lithabela tse likete tse 10-12 ka selemo); botsitso ba lebese lihlahisoa ka 2-3 le masoha milking o sala ho fihlela Ke lilemo li 14;
- Lebese la simmental le na le mafura a mangata (3,7-4,2%), ha re ntse re boloka tatso e monate;
- phetoho e sa reroang ea tlhahiso (lebese ho ea nama) e ka ba mabaka a utloahalang: ponahatso ea matšoao a pele a lefu lena, sekoli sa moferefere, kotsi;
- mokhoa oa ho ikatisa o khetholloa ke ho hōla pele ho thobalano (lintšoaneng tse likhoeli tse 8, ka likhomo ho tloha ho lilemo tse 1.5);
- ho ima - ho feta ha ho na mathata, masea a hlaha hang-hang a itokiselitse ho falla kamora 'mè;
- ho ima ho hong ka khomo ho ka 'na ha etsahala libeke tse seng kae ka morao;
- pele calving ea oa Khoeli ea bo31 ea bophelo;
- ho boloka matšoao a mefuta eo, ba sebelisa lihlahisoa tsa lihlahisoa tsa mehlape ea tsona le ho ikatisa ba hlahisang khetho ea Austria;
- liphoofolo ha li na tlhompho ho maemo a botlamuoa, li fepa, li ikamahanya hantle le lijo tse ncha, maemo a leholimo a lipapali;
- Leha ho le joalo, mofuta ona o hloka phepo e matla, e leka-lekaneng ho boloka tlhahiso;
- ho ba boima bo matla ka molao-motheo, esita le likhomo tsa Simmental li itšoara ka mokhoa o khutsitseng, li bontša bohale bo tsotehang.
Ho boetse ho na le mefuta e meng ea likhoho tsa lebese, tse kang: Kholomogorskaya, Yaroslavl, Jersey, Ayshirskaya, Red Steppe.
Ke ea bohlokoa: Ho ikatisa li-simmentals motho a ke ke a tiisa hore moloko o latelang o tla hlaha o se na bokooa ka ntle. Li-hybrids tse ka hare ho tsona ha li lahleheloe ke matšoao a mofuta ona le mali a ka tlase ho 50%.
Mokhoa oa tlhokomelo le oa ho fepa
Melao ea tlhokomelo ea likhomo e kenyelletsa:
- Litlhoko tsa ho boloka likhomo:
- molikong oa mofuthu (t◦ = 4◦ ho 20◦С) ntle le marang-rang le lirafshoa;
- tlhahiso ea moea ea ho tsoa moeeng;
- bophahamo ba mohloli oa mobu (lehong, litene);
- tsamaiso ea likhoerekhoere;
- ho robala ka joang, peat kapa sawdust (kakaretso ka makhetlo a 2 ka letsatsi);
- mariha a thibetsoeng ka maoto a tsamaeang le ho robala ka mekhabiso e tsitsitseng;
- lehlabuleng (le hlephileng, le nkeloa sebaka) le fula ka morata le pula;
- likhomo li ka nosetsoa feela ka mocheso oa mocheso metsi;
- likhomo letsatsi le leng le le leng li phunya boea ba tsona 'me li hlatsoa libaka tsa tsona tse silafatsang ka metsi a futhumetseng;
- kemiso ea letsatsi le leng le le leng, ho boloka nako e lekanang ea nako, e lokela ho kenyelletsa ho hlatsoa, ho pata, ho fepa (bakeng sa lebese lena la lebese la 4 le khothalletsoa nakong ea lehlabula le 3 mariha).
- Bakeng sa tlhahiso e phahameng ea liphoofolo tsa mofuta ona e lokela ho etsoa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho ja:
- ho fapane;
- e lumellanang le nako;
- ho hlahisa tataiso;
- nako ea bophelo ea tsoelo-pele.
Ke ea bohlokoa: Bakeng sa libaka tse ka leboea, ho na le ho ata ha likhomo ka betheng ea litšepe, e leng ho ntlafatsang mariha a motlakase oa microclimate.Tabeng ena, ho hloekisa manyolo letsatsi le leng le le leng ho nkeloa sebaka ke ho robala, 'me nakong ea selemo bohle bokello ba tlosoa sethaleng.
E baloa:
- ea khale: 1 fepa ea phepo - 1414 kcal (phepo e nepahetseng ea 1 kg ea oats);
- ka tsela e ncha: ka 1 ECE (matla a fepa a matla) - 10 MJ ea matla a fokolang (4.2 J = 1 cal).
Bakeng sa liphoofolo tse hlahisang haholo li fepa li khethiloe ka bomong. Ho ja likhomo tsa Simmental ho entsoe ka:
- furu e monate (joang kapa joang ho jala joang; silage - motsoako o silafalitsoeng; meroho le lijalo tsa motsoako);
- fepa e ommeng (furu, joang, ho senya litšila tsa limela le limela);
- lijo-thollo li beha (branone, kaka, lijo);
- li-vithamine (E, D, A), liminerale - Ca, Mg, P, Z, Na, Se, NaCl; ka bobeli bothata le ho fetela ha lintho tsena ke tsa bohlokoa.
Ke ea bohlokoa: Ho likhomo tsa bakhachane tse eketsehileng ka metabolism ka 25%, tlhokahalo ea liprotheine e eketseha, eo ka eona ho jeoang ho fanoang ke furu ea linaoa, silage le haylage. Protheine e feteletseng e ka qobella ho beleha.
Bophelo bo botle
Liphoofolo li na le lihlopha tsa maloetse a hlahang ho tsona feela:
- tympania (lefu le bakoang ke libaktheria tsa putrefactive tse keneng 'meleng oa khomo le lijo tsa tala ea lehlabula);
- tšitiso ea setopo (ka ho ja meharo ea metso e sa etsoang ke khomo);
- ts'oaetso e bohloko ea reticulitis (ho ruruha ha lesela le senyehileng ke lintho tse tsoang linaheng tse ling ka lijo);
- lefuworm (lefu la fungal; le ama hlooho le maoto);
- necrobacillosis (li-necrosis tsa maiketsetso, ka lebaka la tšoaetso metseng ea lichaba tse ling, mokokotlo, mobu oa molomo);
- mastitis (ho ruruha ha litšoelesa tsa mammary tsa udder).
Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa mefuta ea Simmental feela mastitis e kotsiLebaka le ka ba:
- litšila tse mpe;
- 'mele o fokolang;
- ho hlokomoloha melao ea tlōlo ea molao;
- likotsi le tšoaetso ea lebese;
- ho koalloa ha placenta;
- ho tsieleha ha endocrine 'meleng.
Hammoho le phekolo ea meriana e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa thibelo ea mafu:
- bohale bo feteletseng bo lemosang;
- ho qoba likotsi, ho tšoaetsoa;
- ho latela melao ea ho fepa le ho hlokomela.
Likhomo tsa Simmental ke khetho e ntle bakeng sa temo ea botho kapa ea temo. Esita le ho arohana le mefuta e meng ea limela, li laola, li fetisetsa ho bana litšobotsi tsa bona tse ntlehali tsa tlhahiso ea bokahohleng.
